TRL

TRL (Transformer Reinforcement Learning) is a library for fine-tuning and aligning language models using methods like Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Reward Modeling, and Direct Preference Optimization (DPO).

Use TRL for fine-tuning with native Hugging Face integration, support for SFT, DPO, PPO, and GRPO, and access to the most recent training algorithms and techniques.

LFM models work out-of-the-box with TRL without requiring any custom integration.

Different training methods require specific dataset formats. See Datasets for format requirements.

Installation​

Install TRL and required dependencies:

pip install trl>=0.9.0 transformers>=4.55.0 torch>=2.6 peft accelerate

• trl: Core training library
• peft: LoRA/QLoRA support
• accelerate: Multi-GPU and distributed training

Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT)​

The SFTTrainer makes it easy to fine-tune LFM models on instruction-following or conversational datasets. It handles chat templates, packing, and dataset formatting automatically. SFT training requires Instruction datasets.

LoRA Fine-Tuning (Recommended)​

LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation) is the recommended approach for fine-tuning LFM2 models with TRL. It offers several key advantages:

• Memory efficient: Trains only small adapter weights (~1-2% of model size) instead of full model parameters
• Data efficient: Achieves strong task performance improvements with less training data than full fine-tuning
• Fast training: Reduced parameter count enables faster iteration and larger effective batch sizes
• Flexible: Easy to switch between different task adapters without retraining the base model

For memory-efficient fine-tuning, use LoRA with the SFTTrainer:

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
from trl import SFTTrainer, SFTConfig
from peft import LoraConfig
from datasets import load_dataset

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct",
    dtype="auto",
    device_map="auto"
)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct")

# Configure LoRA
peft_config = LoraConfig(
    r=16,
    lora_alpha=32,
    lora_dropout=0.05,
    target_modules=["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj"],
    task_type="CAUSAL_LM",
)

training_args = SFTConfig(
    output_dir="./lfm2-sft-lora",
    num_train_epochs=3,
    per_device_train_batch_size=4,
    gradient_accumulation_steps=4,
    learning_rate=2e-4,
    bf16=True,
)

dataset = load_dataset("HuggingFaceTB/smoltalk", "all")

trainer = SFTTrainer(
    model=model,
    args=training_args,
    train_dataset=dataset["train"],
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
    peft_config=peft_config,
)

trainer.train()

Full Fine-Tuning

Full fine-tuning updates all model parameters. Use this only when you have sufficient GPU memory and need maximum adaptation for your task.

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
from trl import SFTTrainer, SFTConfig
from datasets import load_dataset

# Load model and tokenizer
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct",
    dtype="auto",
    device_map="auto"
)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct")

# Load your dataset
dataset = load_dataset("HuggingFaceTB/smoltalk", "all")

# Configure training
training_args = SFTConfig(
    output_dir="./lfm2-sft",
    num_train_epochs=3,
    per_device_train_batch_size=4,
    gradient_accumulation_steps=4,
    learning_rate=2e-5,
    logging_steps=10,
    save_strategy="epoch",
    bf16=True,
)

# Create trainer
trainer = SFTTrainer(
    model=model,
    args=training_args,
    train_dataset=dataset["train"],
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
)

# Train
trainer.train()

Vision Language Model Fine-Tuning (VLM-SFT)​

The SFTTrainer also supports fine-tuning Vision Language Models like LFM2.5-VL-1.6B on image-text datasets. VLM fine-tuning requires Vision datasets and a few key differences from text-only SFT:

• Uses AutoModelForImageTextToText instead of AutoModelForCausalLM
• Uses AutoProcessor instead of just a tokenizer
• Requires dataset formatting with image content types
• Needs a custom collate_fn for multimodal batching

VLM LoRA Fine-Tuning (Recommended)​

LoRA is recommended for VLM fine-tuning due to the larger model size and multimodal complexity:

from transformers import AutoModelForImageTextToText, AutoProcessor
from trl import SFTTrainer, SFTConfig
from peft import LoraConfig, get_peft_model
from datasets import load_dataset

model_id = "LiquidAI/LFM2.5-VL-1.6B"

processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(
    model_id,
    max_image_tokens=256,
    trust_remote_code=True
)

model = AutoModelForImageTextToText.from_pretrained(
    model_id,
    dtype="bfloat16",
    device_map="auto",
    trust_remote_code=True
)

# Format dataset for VLM (image + text)
def format_vlm_sample(sample):
    return [
        {"role": "system", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "You are a vision assistant."}]},
        {"role": "user", "content": [
            {"type": "image", "image": sample["image"]},
            {"type": "text", "text": sample["question"]},
        ]},
        {"role": "assistant", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": sample["answer"]}]},
    ]

# Custom collate function for multimodal batching
def collate_fn(samples):
    batch = processor.apply_chat_template(samples, tokenize=True, return_dict=True, return_tensors="pt")
    labels = batch["input_ids"].clone()
    labels[labels == processor.tokenizer.pad_token_id] = -100
    batch["labels"] = labels
    return batch

# Configure LoRA
peft_config = LoraConfig(
    lora_alpha=16,
    lora_dropout=0.05,
    r=8,
    bias="none",
    target_modules=["q_proj", "v_proj", "fc1", "fc2", "linear", "gate_proj", "up_proj", "down_proj"],
    task_type="CAUSAL_LM",
)

model = get_peft_model(model, peft_config)

sft_config = SFTConfig(
    output_dir="./lfm2-vl-sft-lora",
    num_train_epochs=1,
    per_device_train_batch_size=1,
    gradient_accumulation_steps=16,
    learning_rate=5e-4,
    gradient_checkpointing=True,
    max_length=512,
    dataset_kwargs={"skip_prepare_dataset": True},
)

# Load and format your dataset
dataset = load_dataset("HuggingFaceH4/llava-instruct-mix-vsft")
train_dataset = [format_vlm_sample(s) for s in dataset["train"]]

trainer = SFTTrainer(
    model=model,
    args=sft_config,
    train_dataset=train_dataset,
    data_collator=collate_fn,
    processing_class=processor.tokenizer,
)

trainer.train()

Full VLM Fine-Tuning

Full VLM fine-tuning updates all model parameters. Use this only when you have sufficient GPU memory.

from transformers import AutoModelForImageTextToText, AutoProcessor
from trl import SFTTrainer, SFTConfig
from datasets import load_dataset

model_id = "LiquidAI/LFM2.5-VL-1.6B"

processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(
    model_id,
    max_image_tokens=256,
    trust_remote_code=True
)

model = AutoModelForImageTextToText.from_pretrained(
    model_id,
    dtype="bfloat16",
    device_map="auto",
    trust_remote_code=True
)

def format_vlm_sample(sample):
    return [
        {"role": "user", "content": [
            {"type": "image", "image": sample["image"]},
            {"type": "text", "text": sample["question"]},
        ]},
        {"role": "assistant", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": sample["answer"]}]},
    ]

def collate_fn(samples):
    batch = processor.apply_chat_template(samples, tokenize=True, return_dict=True, return_tensors="pt")
    labels = batch["input_ids"].clone()
    labels[labels == processor.tokenizer.pad_token_id] = -100
    batch["labels"] = labels
    return batch

sft_config = SFTConfig(
    output_dir="./lfm2-vl-sft",
    num_train_epochs=1,
    per_device_train_batch_size=1,
    gradient_accumulation_steps=16,
    learning_rate=2e-5,
    gradient_checkpointing=True,
    max_length=512,
    dataset_kwargs={"skip_prepare_dataset": True},
)

dataset = load_dataset("HuggingFaceH4/llava-instruct-mix-vsft")
train_dataset = [format_vlm_sample(s) for s in dataset["train"]]

trainer = SFTTrainer(
    model=model,
    args=sft_config,
    train_dataset=train_dataset,
    data_collator=collate_fn,
    processing_class=processor.tokenizer,
)

trainer.train()

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)​

The DPOTrainer implements Direct Preference Optimization, a method to align models with human preferences without requiring a separate reward model. DPO training requires Preference datasets with chosen and rejected response pairs.

DPO with LoRA (Recommended)​

LoRA is highly recommended for DPO training, as it significantly reduces memory requirements while maintaining strong alignment performance.

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
from trl import DPOTrainer, DPOConfig
from peft import LoraConfig
from datasets import load_dataset

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct",
    dtype="auto",
    device_map="auto"
)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct")

peft_config = LoraConfig(
    r=16,
    lora_alpha=32,
    lora_dropout=0.05,
    target_modules=["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj"],
    task_type="CAUSAL_LM",
)

training_args = DPOConfig(
    output_dir="./lfm2-dpo-lora",
    num_train_epochs=3,
    per_device_train_batch_size=2,
    gradient_accumulation_steps=8,
    learning_rate=5e-7,
    beta=0.1,
    bf16=True,
)

dataset = load_dataset("mlabonne/orpo-dpo-mix-40k")

trainer = DPOTrainer(
    model=model,
    args=training_args,
    train_dataset=dataset["train"],
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
    peft_config=peft_config,
)

trainer.train()

Full DPO Training

Full DPO training updates all model parameters. Use this only when you have sufficient GPU memory.

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
from trl import DPOTrainer, DPOConfig
from datasets import load_dataset

# Load model and tokenizer
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    "LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct",
    dtype="auto",
    device_map="auto"
)
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("LiquidAI/LFM2.5-1.2B-Instruct")

# Load preference dataset
# Dataset should have "prompt", "chosen", and "rejected" columns
dataset = load_dataset("mlabonne/orpo-dpo-mix-40k")

# Configure DPO training
training_args = DPOConfig(
    output_dir="./lfm2-dpo",
    num_train_epochs=3,
    per_device_train_batch_size=2,
    gradient_accumulation_steps=8,
    learning_rate=5e-7,
    beta=0.1,  # DPO temperature parameter
    logging_steps=10,
    bf16=True,
)

# Create trainer
trainer = DPOTrainer(
    model=model,
    args=training_args,
    train_dataset=dataset["train"],
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
)

# Train
trainer.train()

Tips​

• Learning Rates: SFT typically uses higher learning rates (1e-5 to 5e-5) than DPO (1e-7 to 1e-6)
• Batch Size: DPO requires larger effective batch sizes; increase gradient_accumulation_steps if GPU memory is limited
• LoRA Ranks: Start with r=16. Higher ranks increase adapter memory and parameter count. Set lora_alpha (a) to 2 * r
• DPO Beta: The beta parameter controls the deviation from the reference model. Start with 0.1

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For more end to end examples, visit the Liquid AI Cookbook.